Indo-Mediterranean Strategic Architecture: Complete UPSC Guide 2026

Table of Contents

• Introduction: Why Indo-Mediterranean Matters for UPSC
• What is Indo-Mediterranean Strategic Architecture?
• Geopolitical Significance of the Indo-Mediterranean Region
• India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)
• The Mediterranean Arc: India-Greece-Cyprus-Israel
• Maritime Security and Domain Awareness
• Blue Economy and Connectivity
• Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR)
• Strategic Constraints and Geopolitical Cross-Pressures
• Turkish Sensitivities and Eastern Mediterranean Rivalries
• European Union Dynamics and Institutional Complexity
• India-Italy Relations in the Indo-Mediterranean
• Exam-Specific Strategy: How This Topic Appears in UPSC
• Key Takeaways
• Frequently Asked Questions
• Conclusion and Call to Action

Introduction: Why Indo-Mediterranean Matters for UPSC

Did you know that India's annual trade with Mediterranean nations exceeds $80 billion, with over 460,000 Indians living in the region? In November 2024, India's External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar explicitly outlined India's emerging integrated Mediterranean vision, marking a decisive shift in New Delhi's strategic priorities. For UPSC aspirants, the Indo-Mediterranean Strategic Architecture has evolved from an obscure concept to a high-yield topic in GS Paper 2 (International Relations).

The Indo-Mediterranean region represents one of the most consequential geopolitical reconfigurations of the 21st century. Stretching from the Indian Ocean through the Red Sea and Suez Canal to the Mediterranean Sea, this maritime continuum connects three continents—Asia, Africa, and Europe. For India, this is not merely a geographic stretch but a strategic extension of its maritime neighborhood, critical for trade, energy security, diaspora welfare, and great-power competition.

In this comprehensive guide, you will master the complete Indo-Mediterranean Strategic Architecture: from the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) to the Mediterranean Arc involving Greece, Cyprus, and Israel; from maritime domain awareness to humanitarian assistance frameworks. Whether you are preparing for UPSC Prelims 2026, Mains GS Paper 2, or the Interview stage, this article provides the analytical depth and factual precision you need to score high.

What is Indo-Mediterranean Strategic Architecture?

The Indo-Mediterranean Strategic Architecture refers to India's comprehensive engagement framework with the Mediterranean region, integrating economic connectivity, maritime security, defence cooperation, digital infrastructure, and humanitarian partnerships across the maritime continuum linking the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea.

This architecture rests on three foundational pillars:

1. Connectivity: The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) announced at the G20 New Delhi Summit in September 2023, connecting India to Europe via the Arabian Peninsula and Eastern Mediterranean.
2. Security: Maritime domain awareness, naval cooperation, and counter-piracy operations across the Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and Mediterranean.
3. Cooperation: Defence-industrial collaboration, technology partnerships, and humanitarian assistance networks with key Mediterranean powers.

According to the Institute of South Asian Studies (ISAS), NUS, the Mediterranean—particularly Italy, Spain, and Greece—is gaining prominence in Indian diplomacy as never before, driven by connectivity, commerce, and geopolitics. The Suez Canal is no longer a dividing line between theatres; it is a connective hinge between India's extended maritime neighborhood and Europe.

Geopolitical Significance of the Indo-Mediterranean Region

The Indo-Mediterranean region holds extraordinary strategic value for multiple reasons that every UPSC aspirant must understand:

Vital for Global Trade

The Mediterranean Sea serves as a critical trade route, especially for European economies. Italy alone is the sixth-largest exporter globally, and the Mediterranean handles approximately 20% of global seaborne trade. For India, this region represents a gateway to European markets, with IMEC projected to reduce shipping times between India and Europe by up to 40% through combined maritime and rail links.

Digital Connectivity Hub

The region is crucial for digital infrastructure, exemplified by the upcoming Blue-Raman submarine data cables connecting Genoa with Mumbai. These undersea cables carry over 95% of global data traffic, making their security paramount for India's digital sovereignty and economic competitiveness.

Energy Security

Eastern Mediterranean oil and gas discoveries, combined with Gulf energy supplies, make this region central to global energy security. The India-UAE Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) 2022 and potential green hydrogen corridors through IMEC further embed energy interests in this architecture.

Strategic Concerns

The region faces persistent security threats including piracy in the Red Sea, the Israel-Gaza conflict, disruptions in Lebanon, and Russia's aggression in Ukraine affecting agricultural and oil trade. These challenges demand coordinated multilateral responses.

Diaspora and People-to-People Ties

With 460,000 Indians in Mediterranean nations (40% of them in Italy alone), diaspora welfare and cultural diplomacy form integral components of this strategic architecture. The Indian community is the second-largest diaspora in the European Union.

India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)

Announced at the G20 Summit in New Delhi (September 2023) and formalized through a Memorandum of Understanding signed by the EU, France, Germany, India, Italy, Saudi Arabia, UAE, and the United States, IMEC represents the economic backbone of the Indo-Mediterranean Strategic Architecture.

Structure and Routes

IMEC envisions two interconnected routes:

• Eastern Corridor: Linking India to the Gulf through maritime and rail networks via UAE and Saudi Arabia.
• Northern Corridor: Connecting Saudi Arabia through Jordan and Israel to European ports.

Three Core Pillars

Pillar	Components	Strategic Value
Transportation	Maritime routes, high-capacity rail links, port modernization	Reduce transit times by 40%; strategic redundancy for high-value goods
Energy	Hydrocarbons, green hydrogen, electricity interconnections, critical materials	Strengthen European energy security; support decarbonization
Digital	Submarine cables, data centers, cloud infrastructure, cybersecurity protocols	Interoperable digital ecosystems; reduce dependence on Chinese-controlled infrastructure

Key Mediterranean Ports in IMEC

Port/Hub	Country	Role in IMEC	Strategic Advantage
Haifa	Israel	Rail-to-sea node	Direct interface with Gulf rail networks
Piraeus	Greece	European terminal	Deep-sea capacity and EU rail linkages
Limassol	Cyprus	Regional logistics hub	EU jurisdiction and transshipment advantage
Trieste	Italy	Northern gateway	Northernmost Mediterranean port; connects to Central-Eastern Europe
Marseille-Fos	France	Western hub	Green energy hub; Franco-German industrial integration

India's Strategic Calculus

For India, IMEC fits into broader multi-alignment strategy. It allows New Delhi to deepen ties with Europe and the Gulf without formally aligning against China. It also helps circumvent Pakistan's obstruction of direct overland access to Europe. Domestically, India is investing heavily through the $1.2 trillion National Master Plan for Multi-Modal Connectivity and developing new deep-sea ports including Vadhavan and Vizhinjam to serve IMEC.

"The India-Middle East-Europe Corridor would allow our economies and companies to unleash enormous potential, and Italy intends to play a leading role." — Giorgia Meloni, Prime Minister of Italy

The Mediterranean Arc: India-Greece-Cyprus-Israel

Beyond IMEC, India has developed a distinctive Mediterranean Arc (MedArc) comprising Greece, Cyprus, and Israel. This trilateral-plus framework converts strategic convergence into operational substance through four functional pillars.

Greece: The Maritime Gateway

Greece serves as India's primary maritime gateway into Europe. Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to Athens in 2023 elevated bilateral relations to Strategic Partnership. Key elements include:

• Joint naval exercises and maritime domain awareness cooperation
• Port access agreements, particularly Piraeus Port (majority Chinese-owned, but India seeks alternative engagement)
• Alexandroupoli Port as an emerging energy and cargo corridor to Eastern Europe
• Defence-industrial collaboration and information-sharing mechanisms

Cyprus: The Logistical and Regulatory Bridge

PM Modi's 2025 visit to Nicosia produced a Five-Year Joint Action Plan (2025–2029) covering:

• Maritime security and defence industry collaboration
• Fintech integration and digital cooperation
• Shipping registry cooperation (Cyprus operates one of the world's largest shipping registries)
• Maritime cybersecurity coordination

Cyprus' strategic location along major east-west shipping routes and its EU membership offer India a reliable entry point into Mediterranean commercial networks while maintaining alignment with EU regulatory frameworks.

Israel: The Technology and Infrastructure Catalyst

Israel provides the technological, defence-industrial, and infrastructure backbone of the MedArc:

• Advanced defence technology: missile systems, unmanned platforms, cybersecurity, AI
• Haifa Port as a critical Mediterranean node for IMEC
• Energy interconnection initiatives linking Israeli, Cypriot, and Greek grids
• Water security technology and innovation ecosystems

Strategic Objective	MedArc Implementation Mechanism	Desired Geopolitical Outcome
Strategic depth west of Suez	Sustained naval presence, port access, institutionalized security dialogues	Enhanced maritime situational awareness and influence over Mediterranean sea lanes
Economic safeguarding	IMEC connectivity with Greek and Israeli ports; Blue Economy focus	Resilience of supply chains against regional disruption and chokepoint blockade
Infrastructure protection	Maritime Cybersecurity Centre of Excellence and IFC-IOR coordination	Security of undersea data cables and energy pipelines
Normative influence	Multi-alignment and adherence to UNCLOS without formal military treaties	Maintenance of strategic autonomy while contributing to rules-based regional order

Maritime Security and Domain Awareness

Maritime security forms the backbone of the Indo-Mediterranean Strategic Architecture. The Indian Ocean and Mediterranean face interconnected threats that demand integrated responses.

Key Maritime Threats

• Red Sea Crisis: Houthi attacks on commercial shipping since October 2023 have forced vessels to transit under heightened security protocols, requiring naval escort.
• Piracy and Illicit Activities: Persistent threats in the Gulf of Aden and expanding into the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
• Chokepoint Vulnerability: The Strait of Hormuz, Bab-el-Mandeb, and Suez Canal remain critical chokepoints susceptible to disruption.
• Undersea Cable Security: Submarine data cables face threats from sabotage and espionage, with over 95% of global data traffic traversing these networks.

India's Maritime Security Initiatives

1. Information Fusion Centre – Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR): Based in Gurugram, this center coordinates maritime domain awareness with partner nations, now extending situational awareness west of Suez.
2. Indian Navy Deployments: Sustained naval presence in the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, and increasingly in the Mediterranean through port visits and exercises.
3. Joint Exercises: Participation in EU NAVFOR Atalanta, EMASoH (European Maritime Awareness in the Strait of Hormuz), and bilateral exercises with Mediterranean navies.
4. Group of Friends of UNCLOS: Italy and India are both members, promoting adherence to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.

Italy's Growing IOR Presence

Italy has reciprocated by ramping up its Indian Ocean presence:

• Joining EU NAVFOR Atalanta and EMASoH
• Contributing to EUNAVFOR ASPIDES (since 2024) for Red Sea security
• Naval ship visits including ITS Francesco Morosini and aircraft carrier ITS Cavour to Goa (2023)
• Proposed GCC-Med Summit to build dialogue between Gulf and Mediterranean regions

Blue Economy and Connectivity

The Blue Economy adds a sustainability dimension to the Indo-Mediterranean architecture, integrating growth, environmental protection, and security within a single maritime framework.

Blue Economy Components

• Offshore Renewables: Wind and solar energy projects in Mediterranean waters
• Sustainable Aquaculture: Marine biotechnology and fisheries cooperation
• Marine Tourism: Cultural and eco-tourism linking Indian and Mediterranean coastal regions
• Port Modernization: Green port initiatives and smart logistics
• Undersea Exploration: Marine scientific research and mineral resources

IMEC Digital Corridor

The digital pillar of IMEC is structured around two segments:

1. India-Arabian Peninsula Route: Crossing one of the world's most digitally dynamic regions, with Saudi Arabia and UAE ranked among global leaders in digital infrastructure.
2. Arabian Peninsula-Europe Route: Connecting Gulf data centers with European markets through Mediterranean landing stations.

India's Semiconductor Mission and National Quantum Mission complement this digital architecture. The Stanford AI Index 2025 ranked India as second worldwide in AI skill penetration, positioning the country as an emerging global hub for advanced technologies.

Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR)

HADR provides the most visible and trust-building dimension of the Indo-Mediterranean architecture. Both the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean are environmentally volatile, vulnerable to wildfires, cyclones, marine pollution, and complex emergencies.

Key HADR Mechanisms

HADR Mechanism	Primary Function	Regional Impact
Cyprus Regional Aerial Firefighting Station	Wildfire suppression	Rapid response across Eastern Mediterranean
Marine Oil Pollution Contingency Plan	Spill containment and recovery	Joint exercises (2026) to protect vulnerable Mediterranean ecosystems
Amalthea Maritime Corridor	Humanitarian aid distribution	Coordinated aid delivery to Gaza involving Cyprus, Israel and Greece
MAITRI Disaster Platform	Regional resilience and relief	India initiative for broader Indo-Pacific HADR cooperation

India's experience as a first responder in the Indian Ocean—conducting evacuation and relief operations at scale—provides operational depth that can be institutionalized through joint training, shared standard operating procedures, and interoperable planning with Mediterranean partners.

Strategic Constraints and Geopolitical Cross-Pressures

While the Indo-Mediterranean architecture presents compelling opportunities, its consolidation unfolds within a dense and competitive geopolitical environment. Understanding these constraints is essential for UPSC Mains answer-writing.

Great Power Friction

As Lok Sabha MP Manish Tewari noted, the world faces three simultaneous great power frictions—Russia-Ukraine, Israel-Gaza, and China's assertiveness—the most complex geopolitical environment since World War II. Such a climate makes investors cautious and infrastructure projects uncertain.

Financing Challenges

Without large sovereign injections, private players may shy away from massive infrastructure investments. The Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline failure serves as a cautionary tale. Robust governmental backing is indispensable for IMEC's progression beyond aspiration.

Regional Instability

Ongoing conflicts in Gaza, Lebanon, and Yemen; tensions between Iran and Gulf states; and the fragile security situation in Syria all pose risks to corridor stability. Flexible routings involving Egypt (via Strait of Tiran) and potentially Turkey may be necessary for resilience.

Turkish Sensitivities and Eastern Mediterranean Rivalries

Any security architecture involving Greece, Cyprus, and Israel inevitably interacts with Türkiye's strategic calculus. Ankara's assertive maritime posture—framed through its "Blue Homeland" (Mavi Vatan) doctrine—reflects long-standing disputes over Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs), hydrocarbon exploration, and the political status of Cyprus.

Key Turkish Concerns

• Opposition to Greek and Cypriot EEZ claims in the Eastern Mediterranean
• Defence partnership with Pakistan, including drone diplomacy and naval cooperation
• Assertive maritime deployments linking the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean
• Competition for influence in Central Asia and the Caucasus

India's Balancing Act

New Delhi maintains functional defence and economic ties with Ankara despite episodic political friction. The Indo-Mediterranean architecture must avoid appearing as a containment mechanism. Its emphasis on infrastructure protection, connectivity, and HADR provides useful strategic ambiguity, allowing cooperation to remain issue-based rather than overtly coalitionary.

European Union Dynamics and Institutional Complexity

The Indo-Mediterranean economic and connectivity ambitions are intertwined with EU regulatory frameworks and funding mechanisms. Key considerations include:

• EU Competition Law: Ports such as Piraeus and Limassol operate within EU state-aid regulations and trans-European transport network priorities.
• Cyprus EU Presidency (2026): Creates political momentum for Indo-Mediterranean initiatives, but institutional processes in Brussels are often slow and consensus-driven.
• Intra-EU Divergences: Differences on relations with West Asia, energy diversification, and defence-industrial policy may affect IMEC enthusiasm.
• Three Seas Initiative: Central and Eastern European countries see IMEC as a strategic tool to diversify trade routes, especially amid Red Sea instability.

The Mediterranean Arc must navigate not only state-level diplomacy but also supranational regulatory ecosystems, adding complexity to project timelines and financing structures.

India-Italy Relations in the Indo-Mediterranean

Italy has emerged as India's newest diplomatic focus in Europe, with the Indo-Mediterranean concept gaining formal recognition through the Trieste Indo-Mediterranean Business Forum.

Key Cooperation Areas

1. Defence Agreement (October 2023): Comprehensive agreement covering maritime domain awareness, information sharing, industrial cooperation, and defence research.
2. Joint Ventures: Italian defence companies like Leonardo and Fincantieri collaborating with Indian companies (Cochin Shipyard, Bharat Electronics Limited), aligning with 'Make in India'.
3. Mattei Plan: Italy's €5.5 billion public investment plan for Africa (January 2024), focusing on Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Mozambique—countries near the Indo-Mediterranean region.
4. Cultural Diplomacy: Building an 'Italy Village' in Mumbai; naval training ship ITS Amerigo Vespucci visiting India.

Trieste: Italy's Strategic Anchor

Trieste stands out as Italy's strategic anchor within IMEC due to:

• Unmatched geographic position: Northernmost Mediterranean port along north-south and east-west freight axes
• Superior connectivity: Unique combination of integrated rail and maritime links connecting extra-EU and intra-EU trade corridors
• Proximity to Central-Eastern Europe: Minimizes distances to key markets compared to southern European competitors

"Trieste, as the northernmost port of the Mediterranean and already better connected than any other port to Central-Eastern Europe, strengthens its candidacy as IMEC's European gateway." — Francesco S. Parisi, Trieste Summit Association

Exam-Specific Strategy: How This Topic Appears in UPSC

For competitive exam aspirants, understanding how the Indo-Mediterranean Strategic Architecture appears in examinations is crucial for targeted preparation.

UPSC Prelims

Expected question types:

• Geographic location of IMEC routes and ports
• Member countries of IMEC and Mediterranean Arc
• Institutional frameworks (IFC-IOR, EU NAVFOR, EMASoH)
• Key agreements and their dates (India-Italy Defence Agreement 2023, India-Cyprus Action Plan 2025-2029)
• Blue Economy and UNCLOS provisions

UPSC Mains GS Paper 2

Potential question patterns:

1. 250-word questions: "Discuss the geopolitical significance of the Indo-Mediterranean region for India in the context of global trade and security."
2. 150-word questions: "What is IMEC and how does it serve India's strategic interests?"
3. Analytical essays: "The Indo-Mediterranean Strategic Architecture represents India's westward maritime engagement. Critically examine."

Answer-Writing Framework

Use this 5-Pillar Structure for Mains answers:

1. Introduction: Define the concept with recent data (trade figures, diaspora numbers, or official statements).
2. Strategic Significance: Cover trade, energy, diaspora, and great-power competition.
3. Key Components: Discuss IMEC, Mediterranean Arc, maritime security, and HADR.
4. Challenges: Address Turkish sensitivities, EU complexity, financing, and regional instability.
5. Way Forward: Suggest concrete steps—institutional mechanisms, diversification of routes, and diplomatic balancing.

Previous Year Question Connections

While direct questions on the Indo-Mediterranean are recent, related topics have appeared:

• India's maritime security strategy and SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region)
• India-Gulf cooperation and energy security
• India-EU relations and trade agreements
• Blue Economy and sustainable development
• Strategic autonomy and multi-alignment

Preparation Tips

• Follow MEA statements and PM visits to Mediterranean countries closely
• Map the geographic locations of key ports and chokepoints
• Track IMEC progress through G20 and bilateral summit outcomes
• Study Italy's Mattei Plan and its African dimensions
• Understand Turkey's Blue Homeland doctrine and its implications

Key Takeaways

• The Indo-Mediterranean Strategic Architecture represents India's calibrated evolution from an Indian Ocean-focused power to one with strategic depth west of Suez.
• IMEC is the economic backbone, with transportation, energy, and digital pillars connecting India to Europe via the Gulf and Eastern Mediterranean.
• The Mediterranean Arc (MedArc) with Greece, Cyprus, and Israel provides functional cooperation through maritime awareness, infrastructure resilience, connectivity, and HADR.
• Italy has emerged as a key European partner, with Trieste positioned as IMEC's potential gateway to Central-Eastern Europe.
• Maritime security threats—Red Sea piracy, chokepoint vulnerability, and undersea cable risks—demand integrated India-EU-Mediterranean responses.
• Turkish sensitivities and the Blue Homeland doctrine require careful diplomatic balancing to avoid the architecture appearing as a containment mechanism.
• EU regulatory complexity, intra-EU divergences, and NATO layering add institutional challenges to operationalizing the architecture.
• The Blue Economy and digital connectivity offer non-military avenues for cooperation aligned with climate goals and economic diversification.
• For UPSC aspirants, this topic spans GS Paper 2 (IR), GS Paper 3 (Security/Economy), and Essay papers.
• India's strategic autonomy remains paramount—the architecture is functional and issue-based, not a formal military alliance.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the Indo-Mediterranean Strategic Architecture?

The Indo-Mediterranean Strategic Architecture is India's comprehensive engagement framework with the Mediterranean region, integrating economic connectivity (IMEC), maritime security, defence cooperation, digital infrastructure, and humanitarian partnerships across the maritime continuum linking the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea.

Why is the Indo-Mediterranean region important for India?

The region is vital for India's trade ($80 billion annually), energy security (Gulf supplies and Eastern Mediterranean gas), diaspora welfare (460,000 Indians), and strategic autonomy. It provides alternative connectivity routes to Europe bypassing Pakistan and reduces dependence on Chinese-controlled infrastructure.

What is IMEC and which countries are involved?

The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) was announced at the G20 New Delhi Summit 2023. Signatories include India, UAE, Saudi Arabia, EU, France, Germany, Italy, and the USA. It aims to connect India to Europe via the Arabian Peninsula and Eastern Mediterranean through transportation, energy, and digital pillars.

How does the Mediterranean Arc (MedArc) function?

The MedArc comprises India, Greece, Cyprus, and Israel. It operates through four functional pillars: Maritime Situational Awareness, Infrastructure Resilience, IMEC-linked Connectivity and Blue Economy, and Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR).

What are the main challenges facing the Indo-Mediterranean architecture?

Key challenges include Turkish sensitivities (Blue Homeland doctrine), EU institutional complexity, financing gaps for infrastructure, regional instability (Gaza, Lebanon, Yemen), three simultaneous great power frictions (Russia-Ukraine, Israel-Gaza, China assertiveness), and the need to maintain strategic autonomy.

How does Italy fit into India's Indo-Mediterranean strategy?

Italy is a key partner through the 2023 Defence Agreement, Mattei Plan for Africa, Trieste's role as IMEC gateway, and cultural diplomacy. PM Giorgia Meloni has explicitly committed Italy to playing a leading role in IMEC.

What is the significance of Trieste in IMEC?

Trieste is the northernmost Mediterranean port with superior rail-maritime connectivity to Central-Eastern Europe. It minimizes transit distances to key European markets compared to southern competitors and serves as Italy's strategic anchor within IMEC.

How should UPSC aspirants prepare this topic?

Aspirants should focus on: mapping geographic locations, understanding IMEC's three pillars, tracking recent diplomatic visits and agreements, analyzing the 5-pillar answer structure (Introduction-Significance-Components-Challenges-Way Forward), and connecting the topic to broader concepts like strategic autonomy, multi-alignment, and SAGAR.

Conclusion and Call to Action

The Indo-Mediterranean Strategic Architecture signals a broader transformation in India's maritime outlook—from a predominantly Indian Ocean focus to a more continuous Indo-Mediterranean conception of strategic space. If sustained through pragmatic cooperation and insulated from overt bloc politics, it can evolve into a flexible, multi-layered partnership that enhances connectivity, secures critical infrastructure, and contributes to a rules-based maritime order without formal treaty entanglements.

For UPSC 2026 aspirants, this topic is not just current affairs—it is a lens through which to understand India's evolving grand strategy. Master the concepts, memorize the data points, practice answer-writing using the 5-pillar framework, and connect this architecture to India's broader foreign policy doctrines of multi-alignment, strategic autonomy, and SAGAR.

Ready to dominate GS Paper 2? Bookmark this guide, share it with your study group, and explore our related articles on India's Maritime Security Strategy, IMEC Detailed Analysis, and India-Gulf Cooperation to build your content cluster authority. Your success in UPSC 2026 starts with mastering topics like this today!

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Authoritative Sources

• Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India (mea.gov.in)
• Institute of South Asian Studies (ISAS), National University of Singapore
• Observer Research Foundation (ORF) India
• Italian Institute for International Political Studies (ISPI)
• Maritime India Vision 2030, Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways